The Arkansas Small Estate Affidavit, officially titled Form 23 – Affidavit for Collection of Small Estate by Distributee, is a sworn court document that lets an heir collect and pass out a deceased person’s property without opening a full probate case. You file it with the probate clerk of the circuit court when the estate is worth $100,000 or less, after waiting 45 days from the date of death, as set by Ark. Code Ann. § 28-41-101.
Losing a loved one is hard enough without a long court fight over a bank account or a car. This form is the shortcut that lets families skip the cost and delay of full probate, but it is a sworn statement, so a wrong number or a missed signature can stall the whole thing or expose you to liability. In Arkansas, the affidavit costs just $25 to file plus $5 for each certified copy, while a full probate filing fee runs $165, which shows why so many families reach for this option first.
Here is what you will learn in this guide:
- 📋 How to complete every paragraph of Form 23 line by line, in plain words.
- 💵 How the $100,000 limit really works, and what gets left out of the math.
- ⏳ Why the 45-day wait and the 30-day publication rule can sink your filing if you ignore them.
- 🏠 The extra steps you must take when the estate includes a house or land.
- ❓ The most common mistakes that get affidavits rejected, and how to dodge them.
What the Form Is and Who Must File It
The Arkansas Small Estate Affidavit is a tool for distribution without administration. That means you settle the estate without a judge appointing a personal representative to run it. The form is created by the Arkansas Supreme Court Committee on Civil Practice and is built directly on the rules in Ark. Code Ann. § 28-41-101, which the legislature last changed through Act 423 of 2021. A note on the form shows it was last revised in 2019 to add contact-information lines, so confirm you are using that current version before you write anything.
The person who files is called the distributee. A distributee is anyone entitled to receive the decedent’s property, such as a surviving spouse, an adult child, a sibling, or a person named in the will. You do not need to be a lawyer, and most filers handle this on their own. The clerk does not require a court hearing or a judge’s order, which is the whole point of the shortcut.
You may use this form only when every gate in the statute is met. There can be no pending or granted petition for a personal representative, 45 days must have passed since the death, and the estate value, less debts, must be $100,000 or under after you remove the homestead and family allowances. If any one of those fails, you must use a regular probate case instead. The estate can hold personal property, real property, or both, but real property triggers a published notice that personal property alone does not.
Think of it this way. Janet’s father died with a $9,000 savings account, a paid-off pickup truck, and no will. Because the total is far below the cap and 45 days have passed, Janet can use Form 23 to claim both items and never set foot in a courtroom.
Before You Start: Documents and Information You Need
Gather everything before you open the form, because the affidavit is signed under oath and you cannot guess. Missing data forces you to refile, and each refiling can cost another $25. Here is your pre-filing checklist.
- Certified death certificate. Banks and the DMV will ask for it alongside the affidavit, and without it they can refuse to release assets.
- The decedent’s full legal name and last address. A name that does not match the bank’s records lets the institution stall the transfer.
- Date and place of death. Paragraph 1 needs both, and the 45-day clock runs from the death date, so an error here can make the filing premature.
- The county of proper venue. You must file in the county where the decedent lived, or the clerk can reject the affidavit for wrong venue.
- A full list of assets with dollar values. Paragraph 5 demands an itemized valuation, and a sloppy guess can push you over the $100,000 line.
- Encumbrance details. You list each debt tied to an asset, such as a car loan, because the cap is measured on value less encumbrances.
- Names, ages, addresses, and relationships of all heirs. Paragraph 6 requires this, and leaving an heir out can void distributions and spark a lawsuit.
- DHS/Medicaid benefit history. You must swear whether the Department of Human Services paid benefits, because an unreimbursed Medicaid claim must be cleared first.
- The original will, if any. You attach it to the affidavit at no extra charge, and failing to attach it can cause heirs to receive the wrong shares.
Marcus, an adult son settling his mother’s estate, learned this the hard way. He filed without checking her Medicaid history, then discovered DHS had a reimbursement claim, which froze the transfer until he resolved it. Build your file first, and the signing goes smoothly.
Where to Get the Form and How to Access It
The official form lives on the Arkansas Judiciary website. You can download the fillable Form 23 PDF directly, and a Word version is also posted as Form 23.docx for typing. Always start from the court’s own copy rather than a random template, because off-brand forms may omit the 2019 contact lines or the Certificate of Clerk block.
Your county circuit clerk’s office is the second source. Many clerks keep printed copies at the counter, and some, like the Garland County Circuit Clerk, post an information packet that bundles the affidavit with local instructions. Calling ahead saves a trip, since a few counties ask for extra local cover sheets.
Self-help groups offer a third path. Arkansas Legal Aid publishes a free small-estate packet aimed at people handling an estate without a lawyer, which walks through the personal-property-only track. If you qualify by income, Legal Aid staff may even review your draft before you file. Whatever source you use, print the final copy single-sided in black ink, because clerks scan these documents and double-sided pages can jam and delay indexing.
Step-by-Step: How to Fill Out Form 23 Line by Line
Form 23 opens with a caption, runs through six numbered paragraphs, ends with a signature and address block, and closes with a Certificate of Clerk that the clerk completes. Fill in each part in the order it appears. Use the exact field labels printed on the form, type or print clearly in black ink, and never leave a required blank empty.
The Caption and Court Heading
What it asks in plain English. The caption is the header that names the court, the county, the probate division, and the estate, the same way a lawsuit names its parties.
How to answer it. Write the county circuit court where the decedent lived, add “Probate Division,” and fill the estate title as In the Matter of the Estate of [Decedent’s Full Name], Deceased. Leave the case number blank, because the clerk assigns it when you file.
Example entry. For her father’s estate, Janet writes In the Circuit Court of Pulaski County, Arkansas, Probate Division — In the Matter of the Estate of Robert Lee Hayes, Deceased.
Nuance or edge case. If the decedent lived in one county but owned a vacation cabin in another, you still file in the county of the decedent’s residence, not where the property sits.
Common mistake and its consequence. Filing in the wrong county is the top caption error, and the clerk will reject the affidavit for improper venue, costing you days and a second trip.
Misconception to correct. Many filers think they must list a case number to look official. You leave it blank on purpose, because only the clerk can assign it.
The Affiant Statement (Opening Line)
What it asks in plain English. The opening line names the people swearing to the affidavit and states their purpose, which is to dispense with administration of the estate.
How to answer it. Print the full legal name of each distributee signing the form on the blank lines, then leave the sworn-purpose language as printed. Every person named here must later sign and have the signature notarized.
Example entry. A widow files alone and writes Carol Ann Mercer on the first blank, leaving the others empty.
Nuance or edge case. When several heirs file together, list each name, since the statute lets “one or more of the distributees” file, and more signers can reduce disputes later.
Common mistake and its consequence. Naming someone here who never signs creates a mismatch, and the clerk may refuse the affidavit because an affiant must swear to it under oath.
Misconception to correct. People assume only the oldest child or the spouse can file. Any qualifying distributee may file, alone or with others.
Paragraph 1 — Decedent Identity and No Pending Probate
What it asks in plain English. This paragraph identifies the decedent by name, age, address, and county, states where and when they died, and confirms no personal representative case is open.
How to answer it. Fill the decedent’s full name, age at death, residence street, county, place of death, and the death date. Write dates in month-day-year form, such as 03/14/2026. Confirm by leaving the printed no-pending-petition language intact.
Example entry. Janet writes Robert Lee Hayes, aged 71, who resided at 412 Maple Street in Pulaski County, Arkansas, died at Little Rock on or about 03/14/2026.
Nuance or edge case. If the decedent died in a hospital in a different city than home, list the place of death as the hospital’s city, but keep the residence as the home county for venue.
Common mistake and its consequence. Listing a death date that is fewer than 45 days back makes the filing premature, and the clerk can reject it under the statute’s waiting rule.
Misconception to correct. Some think “place of death” decides which county gets the filing. It does not; the decedent’s residence controls venue.
Paragraph 2 — The 45-Day Waiting Period
What it asks in plain English. This line is a sworn statement that more than 45 days have passed since the death.
How to answer it. You do not write anything new here, because the text is fixed. Your job is to confirm the math against the death date in Paragraph 1 before you sign. Count calendar days, not business days.
Example entry. Carol’s husband died on 04/01/2026, so she waits until at least 05/17/2026 before filing, which clears the 45 days.
Nuance or edge case. If day 45 lands on a weekend or court holiday, wait until the next open day to file, since the clerk must accept the document in person or by mail.
Common mistake and its consequence. Filing on day 30 because the family needs cash fast voids the affidavit, and the asset holder can refuse to release funds.
Misconception to correct. Filers believe the 45 days start when they find the will or open the mail. The clock starts on the actual date of death.
Paragraph 3 — The $100,000 Value Cap
What it asks in plain English. This paragraph swears that the value of all the decedent’s property, minus debts, stays at or under $100,000 once you remove the homestead and family allowances.
How to answer it. Confirm the total by adding every asset’s value, subtracting encumbrances, and then excluding the homestead and any statutory allowances for a spouse or minor children. The printed dollar limit stays as written.
Example entry. Marcus totals his mother’s $40,000 in bank funds and a $12,000 car loan-free, reaching $52,000, well under the cap.
Nuance or edge case. The homestead’s value is excluded from the math entirely, so a family home worth $150,000 does not by itself disqualify an estate, though it does trigger the real-property notice rule.
Common mistake and its consequence. Counting the homestead in the total makes filers wrongly believe they cannot qualify, and they pay for full probate they never needed.
Misconception to correct. Many think the $100,000 figure is the gross estate. It is the net value less encumbrances, after the homestead and allowances come out.
Paragraph 4 — No Unpaid Claims and the DHS Statement
What it asks in plain English. This paragraph swears there are no unpaid claims against the estate and addresses whether the Department of Human Services paid the decedent any benefits.
How to answer it. If DHS paid no benefits, keep the first version of the sentence. If DHS did pay benefits, strike that language and use the parenthetical version stating the department has been reimbursed under state and federal rules, exactly as the form’s reporter notes direct.
Example entry. Because his mother received Medicaid, Marcus uses the parenthetical and confirms the Department of Human Services has been reimbursed before he files.
Nuance or edge case. Medicaid estate recovery can attach to a deceased recipient’s assets, so check the benefit history even when you think the decedent never enrolled.
Common mistake and its consequence. Swearing falsely that no benefits were paid is perjury, and it can make you personally liable for the unpaid DHS claim.
Misconception to correct. Filers assume DHS only matters for nursing-home patients. Many Medicaid programs trigger recovery, so the question applies broadly.
Paragraph 5 — Itemized Property and Valuation
What it asks in plain English. This is the inventory. You list each piece of personal property and any real property, its value less encumbrances, and who holds it or lives on it.
How to answer it. Use the three-column grid: describe the property and any debt details in the first column, the value less encumbrances in the second, and the holder’s name in the third. Give a legal description for real estate, not just a street address.
Example entry. Janet writes 2018 Ford F-150 pickup, no lien — $14,000 — in possession of Janet Hayes on one row and Savings account, First Arkansas Bank #4471 — $9,000 — held by First Arkansas Bank on the next.
Nuance or edge case. When an asset carries a loan, note the encumbrance in column one and subtract it in column two, since a $20,000 car with a $5,000 loan counts as $15,000.
Common mistake and its consequence. Vague entries like “household items” without a value let the clerk or an asset holder reject the affidavit for failing the itemized-valuation rule.
Misconception to correct. People think they can lump everything into one round number. The statute demands an itemized description and valuation of each item.
Paragraph 6 — Heirs and Devisees Entitled to the Property
What it asks in plain English. This paragraph names every person entitled to receive the property, with their age, relationship to the decedent, and home address.
How to answer it. List each surviving spouse, heir at law, or person named in the will on its own row, with the four required details. If there is a will, the people listed should match the will’s beneficiaries.
Example entry. For an intestate estate, Janet lists Janet Hayes, 44, daughter, 88 Oak Lane, North Little Rock, AR and Thomas Hayes, 41, son, 21 Birch Court, Conway, AR.
Nuance or edge case. When the decedent left a will, attach it and list devisees as the will directs; when there is no will, Arkansas intestacy law decides who is named.
Common mistake and its consequence. Leaving out an heir to grab a larger share is fraud, and the omitted heir can sue to undo the distribution and recover their part.
Misconception to correct. Filers assume only adults get listed. Minor children who inherit must be named too, with their ages shown.
The Signature, Notary, and Address Block
What it asks in plain English. This closing block is where each affiant swears the statement is true, signs, prints their name, and gives contact details added in the 2019 revision.
How to answer it. Sign in front of a notary, since the form is an oath. Print your name, then fill the address, telephone number, and email lines. Date the signature using month-day-year.
Example entry. Carol signs Carol Ann Mercer, prints the same name, and adds her street address, phone, and email under the notary’s seal.
Nuance or edge case. If two heirs file together, each signs and is notarized; one notarization does not cover a co-affiant who signs on a different day.
Common mistake and its consequence. Signing without a notary makes the affidavit defective, and the clerk will not file an unsworn document.
Misconception to correct. Some believe a witness can replace the notary. It cannot; an affidavit requires a notarial oath, not a witness signature.
The Certificate of Clerk
What it asks in plain English. This bottom section is for the clerk, not you. It certifies the affidavit was filed, remains on file, and that no personal-representative petition exists.
How to answer it. Leave it blank. The clerk completes the county name, the filing date, and the seal, then issues you a certified copy that carries this certificate.
Example entry. After filing, the clerk certifies the Probate Court of Pulaski County and stamps the seal, which Janet then hands to the bank.
Nuance or edge case. You need a separate certified copy for each asset holder, so request enough copies up front at $5 each.
Common mistake and its consequence. Filling this block yourself can look like you forged a clerk’s certification, which the office will flag and reject.
Misconception to correct. Filers think any photocopy works at the bank. Only a clerk-certified copy compels an asset holder to release funds.
Three Filled-Out Examples Using Real Scenarios
These walkthroughs follow three filers through the whole form so you can see how the parts fit together.
Scenario 1: Carol, a Widow With a Bank Account and a Car (No Real Estate)
Carol’s husband died with a $9,000 checking account and a $13,000 paid-off sedan, no will, and no land.
| Form Section | What Carol Enters |
|---|---|
| Caption | In the Circuit Court of Benton County, Arkansas, Probate Division |
| Affiant line | Carol Ann Mercer |
| Paragraph 1 | David Mercer, aged 68, resided at 5 Pine Rd, died at Rogers on 04/01/2026 |
| Paragraph 2 | Confirms more than 45 days passed; files 05/20/2026 |
| Paragraph 3 | Swears total is $22,000, under the cap |
| Paragraph 4 | Keeps the “no DHS benefits” version |
| Paragraph 5 | Checking #2231 — $9,000 — Arvest Bank; 2020 Toyota Camry — $13,000 — Carol Mercer |
| Paragraph 6 | Carol Ann Mercer, 66, spouse, 5 Pine Rd, Rogers, AR |
| Signature block | Signs before a notary, adds phone and email |
Scenario 2: Marcus, an Adult Child With a House (Real Property Track)
Marcus settles his mother’s estate, which holds a $40,000 bank balance and a home, and he has a sibling.
| Form Section | What Marcus Enters |
|---|---|
| Caption | In the Circuit Court of Sebastian County, Arkansas, Probate Division |
| Affiant line | Marcus T. Bell |
| Paragraph 1 | Della Bell, aged 79, resided at 90 Elm St, died at Fort Smith on 02/10/2026 |
| Paragraph 3 | Swears net value is $52,000, excluding the homestead |
| Paragraph 4 | Uses the parenthetical: DHS has been reimbursed |
| Paragraph 5 | Savings — $40,000 — Simmons Bank; Home, Lot 4 Blk 2 Oak Add. — $120,000 — Marcus Bell residing |
| Paragraph 6 | Marcus T. Bell, 50, son; Renee Bell, 47, daughter |
| Post-filing step | Publishes death/affidavit notice within 30 days of filing |
| Signature block | Signs before a notary with full contact details |
Scenario 3: Thomas, a Sibling Collecting Personal Property With No Will
Thomas collects his unmarried, childless brother’s personal property when there is no will.
| Form Section | What Thomas Enters |
|---|---|
| Caption | In the Circuit Court of Faulkner County, Arkansas, Probate Division |
| Affiant line | Thomas R. Hayes |
| Paragraph 1 | Alan Hayes, aged 55, resided at 14 Cedar Ct, died at Conway on 01/05/2026 |
| Paragraph 3 | Swears total is $18,500, under the cap |
| Paragraph 4 | Keeps the “no DHS benefits” version |
| Paragraph 5 | Brokerage account — $15,500 — Edward Jones; Tools — $3,000 — Thomas Hayes |
| Paragraph 6 | Thomas R. Hayes, 52, brother, 14 Cedar Ct, Conway, AR |
| Will | None attached; intestacy decides heirs |
| Signature block | Signs before a notary, lists phone and email |
How to File the Completed Form
You file Form 23 with the probate clerk of the circuit court in the decedent’s county, since the clerk indexes it under Ark. Code Ann. § 28-1-108. Arkansas has no statewide online portal for this affidavit, so the two real channels are in person and by mail.
In person. Bring the signed and notarized affidavit, the certified death certificate, and the original will if there is one, to the county circuit clerk’s counter. The fee is $25 to file, plus $5 for each certified copy, and no extra charge applies if you attach a will. Most clerks accept cash, check, or money order, and a few take cards. The clerk files it the same day, assigns a number, and hands you certified copies, which are your proof of filing.
By mail. Send the same documents with a check for the fee and a self-addressed stamped envelope to the county circuit clerk’s office; call first for the exact mailing address, since each county differs. Processing by mail usually takes a few days to a week. Ask the clerk to return your certified copies in the enclosed envelope so you have proof.
The real-property publication step. If the estate includes real estate, you must publish a notice of the death and the filing within 30 days after filing, in a local newspaper, following the form in the statute and the rules in § 28-40-111. Keep the newspaper’s proof of publication, because creditors then have three months from first publication to bring claims.
What Happens After You File
Once the clerk files and certifies the affidavit, you take a certified copy to each asset holder, such as a bank, the DMV, or a transfer agent. Under the statute, furnishing that certified copy entitles you to collect the property without any court order, which is the heart of the shortcut. The bank releases the account, and the DMV retitles the vehicle into the heir’s name.
The distributee then distributes assets to the people listed in Paragraph 6. You may also open a checking or savings account in the estate’s name to manage the funds while you pay any final bills and split the rest. Keep clear records of every payment, because you remain answerable to the other heirs for honest distribution.
If the estate held real property, the published notice starts a three-month creditor window. Claims that creditors do not present in that period are forever barred, which gives the heirs clean title afterward. If a large or surprise debt appears, or an heir disputes the split, the matter can still be pushed into full probate, so do not distribute everything the moment funds arrive.
Mistakes to Avoid When Filling Out the Form
- Filing before 45 days. The affidavit is premature, and the asset holder can refuse to pay.
- Filing in the wrong county. The clerk rejects it for improper venue, costing time and another trip.
- Counting the homestead in the value cap. You may wrongly think you exceed $100,000 and pay for needless probate.
- Using gross value instead of net. Forgetting to subtract encumbrances can push a qualifying estate over the limit on paper.
- Vague property descriptions. “Personal effects” with no value fails the itemized-valuation rule and draws a rejection.
- Omitting an heir from Paragraph 6. The left-out heir can sue to undo the distribution and recover their share.
- Swearing falsely about DHS benefits. This is perjury and can make you personally liable for the unpaid Medicaid claim.
- Signing without a notary. An unsworn affidavit is defective, and the clerk will not file it.
- Skipping the real-property publication. Creditor claims never get barred, leaving the title clouded for years.
- Forgetting to attach the will. Heirs may receive wrong shares, and a later-found will can reopen the estate.
- Ordering too few certified copies. Each asset holder needs its own, so a single copy stalls collection.
- Distributing assets before claims clear. You may have to repay creditors out of your own pocket.
Do’s and Don’ts
Do’s
- Do verify the 45-day count against the death certificate, because a premature filing is void.
- Do exclude the homestead from the value math, since the statute removes it from the cap.
- Do itemize each asset with a dollar value, because the law demands an itemized valuation.
- Do check the decedent’s DHS benefit history, because Medicaid recovery can attach to the estate.
- Do request enough certified copies up front, so every bank and agency gets one.
- Do keep proof of newspaper publication for real property, because it starts the creditor deadline.
Don’ts
- Don’t file in the county where property sits if the decedent lived elsewhere, because venue follows residence.
- Don’t fill in the Certificate of Clerk yourself, since only the clerk may certify it.
- Don’t lump assets into one round figure, because vague valuations get rejected.
- Don’t sign without a notary, because an affidavit needs a sworn oath.
- Don’t distribute everything immediately when real property is involved, because creditors have three months to file.
- Don’t omit minor heirs, because they must be named with their ages.
Pros and Cons of Filing on Your Own vs. With Help
| Filing Pro Se (On Your Own) | Filing With an Attorney |
|---|---|
| Pro: Costs only $25 plus $5 per copy, far below the $165 full-probate fee, so you save money. | Pro: A lawyer spots traps like Medicaid recovery before they freeze the estate. |
| Pro: You control the pace and file as soon as the 45 days pass. | Pro: Counsel handles the real-property notice and creditor rules for you. |
| Pro: The form is short and the clerk does not require a hearing, so it is fast. | Pro: Professional drafting reduces the odds of a rejected or void affidavit. |
| Con: A wrong valuation or missing heir can expose you to personal liability. | Pro: A lawyer can defend you if an heir or creditor later disputes the distribution. |
| Con: You must research venue, intestacy, and publication rules yourself. | Pro: Attorney involvement reassures banks that may resist a pro-se filer. |
| Con: No one reviews your sworn statements before you sign under oath. | Con: Legal fees can eat into a small estate’s modest value. |
Small Estate Affidavit vs. Full Probate
| Small Estate Affidavit (Form 23) | Full Probate Administration |
|---|---|
| Filing fee is $25 plus $5 per certified copy. | Filing fee is about $165, plus statutory attorney fees. |
| No court hearing or appointed representative needed. | A judge appoints a personal representative to manage the estate. |
| Available only when net value is $100,000 or less. | Used for any estate size, including large ones. |
| Available after a 45-day wait from death. | Can open soon after death, but runs many months. |
| Best for simple estates with clear heirs. | Best for contested estates, big debts, or unclear titles. |
FAQs
Do I have to wait 45 days before I can file the affidavit?
Yes. The statute requires that more than 45 calendar days pass since the date of death before you file Form 23, or the clerk can reject it as premature.
Does the $100,000 limit include the family home?
No. The homestead and any statutory allowances for a spouse or minor children are excluded from the value calculation under Ark. Code Ann. § 28-41-101.
Do I write the case number in the caption myself?
No. You leave the case number blank, because the circuit clerk assigns and indexes the number when you file the affidavit.
Do I need a notary to sign Form 23?
Yes. The document is a sworn affidavit, so each affiant must sign before a notary public; an unsworn form is defective and will not be filed.
Do I list the decedent’s debts in Paragraph 5?
Yes. You note each encumbrance in the property column and subtract it, because the value cap is measured on property less encumbrances.
Do I count an estate with a house in the $100,000 cap?
No. The homestead value is excluded from the cap math, though a house does trigger the 30-day newspaper publication requirement.
Do I have to publish a newspaper notice?
No. Publication is required only when the estate includes real property, and then it must run within 30 days after filing.
Do I file in the county where the property is located?
No. You file in the county where the decedent resided, because venue follows the decedent’s residence, not the property’s location.
Do I check the Department of Human Services box in Paragraph 4?
Yes. You must swear whether DHS paid benefits, and if it did, you use the parenthetical confirming the department has been reimbursed.
Do I have to be a lawyer to file this affidavit?
No. Any qualifying distributee may file on their own, and most filers complete Form 23 without an attorney.
Do I need a separate certified copy for each bank?
Yes. Each asset holder needs its own clerk-certified copy at $5 each, since a single copy will stall the other transfers.
Do I attach the will if there is one?
Yes. You attach the original will to the affidavit, and the statute charges no additional fee for doing so.
Do minor children get listed in Paragraph 6?
Yes. Every person entitled to the property must be listed with their age, including minor heirs, so leaving them off can void distributions.
Do I still owe the decedent’s creditors after I collect the assets?
Yes. As distributee you remain answerable for valid claims, so distributing funds before claims clear can leave you personally liable.
Related reading
- How to Fill Out the Arkansas Inventory and Appraisement of the Estate + FAQs
- How to Fill Out Arkansas Petition for Probate of Will (w/Examples) + FAQs
- How to Fill Out the Iowa Small Estate Affidavit (w/ Examples) + FAQs
- How to Fill Out a Kansas Small Estate Affidavit (w/Examples) + FAQs
- How to Fill Out Kentucky Small Estate Affidavit (w/Examples) + FAQs
- How to Fill Out Maine Small Estate Affidavit (w/Examples) + FAQs