Washington Form WPF PRO 10.0850 — Notice of Appointment of Personal Representative and Pendency of Probate is the official court notice you file and mail after a Superior Court appoints you to administer a deceased person’s estate, and Washington law requires every personal representative (PR) to use it under RCW 11.28.237. The form tells creditors, heirs, the Department of Social and Health Services (DSHS), and the public that probate has begun, the four-month creditor claim window has started, and you are now legally in charge of the estate.
If you skip this notice, file it late, or fill it out wrong, the four-month creditor bar under RCW 11.40.051 does not start, and creditors keep the right to chase the estate for up to 24 months after death. Washington Superior Courts process roughly 25,000 probate cases each year, and clerks reject thousands of probate notices for small caption errors, missing case numbers, or a missing Declaration of Mailing — which is why a careful walkthrough matters.
Here is what you will learn from this guide on the official Washington Courts probate forms page:
- 📝 How to fill in every field of WPF PRO 10.0850 line by line, in plain English
- ⏰ The exact 30-day mailing rule, the 20-day publication window, and what happens if you miss them
- 📬 How to file by paper, through the Odyssey eFile WA portal, or in person at the Superior Court clerk
- 👥 Three full named-person walkthroughs covering solo PRs, co-PRs, and out-of-state PRs
- ⚠️ The 12 most common mistakes that get the notice rejected — and how to avoid each one
What Washington Form PRO 10 Is and Who Must File It
Washington’s WPF PRO 10.0850 is a one-page court notice with two jobs. It tells the world that the Superior Court has appointed a personal representative under a will (or by intestate order), and it starts the four-month statutory clock for creditors to bring claims against the estate under RCW 11.40.051. The Washington Pattern Forms Committee maintains the form, and the Administrative Office of the Courts publishes revisions on the Washington Courts forms library. Always check the revision date printed in the lower-left corner of the form (the current version is dated 04/2024) before you sign.
Every personal representative — whether named in a will (executor) or appointed by the court in an intestate estate (administrator) — must file and serve this notice. It applies to full probate, summary administration of estates over $100,000, and nonintervention probates under RCW 11.68. Co-PRs file one joint notice, not two. Special administrators appointed under RCW 11.32 also use the form, with a slight wording change in the appointment line.
The notice is not the same as the Order Appointing Personal Representative or the Letters Testamentary the clerk issues. The Order is the court’s command. The Letters are your wallet-sized proof of authority. PRO 10.0850 is the public notice you mail and publish so creditors and heirs cannot later say they were never told. All three documents work together, and skipping any one of them stalls the estate.
A common misconception is that small estates under $100,000 in personal property can skip PRO 10.0850 because they qualify for the Small Estate Affidavit under RCW 11.62. That is true only if no probate is opened. The moment you petition the Superior Court for Letters, you owe the notice — no matter how small the estate.
Before You Start: Documents and Information You Need
Gathering the right documents before you open the form saves you from re-filing. The clerk will reject a notice that names the wrong county, lists the wrong cause number, or misspells the decedent. Pull each item below and lay it next to your computer before you type a single word.
- Certified death certificate. You need the exact legal name and date of death as recorded by the Washington Department of Health. A name mismatch with the will causes the clerk to flag the case.
- The original will (if any). The will lists the decedent’s full legal name, the named executor, and any nonintervention language you must mirror.
- Order Appointing Personal Representative. This signed order gives you the date of appointment, which goes in paragraph 1 of PRO 10.0850.
- Letters Testamentary or Letters of Administration. The clerk issues these the same day as the Order. The Letters confirm your authority and your bond status.
- Superior Court cause number. Format: YY-4-#####-## SEA in King County, or the equivalent local format. Wrong cause numbers send the notice to the wrong file.
- PR’s full mailing address and phone number. The notice must show a real address where creditors can mail claims. P.O. boxes are allowed only with a street address on file.
- Attorney information (if represented). WSBA bar number, firm name, address, and phone go in the signature block.
- Newspaper of legal record for the county. King County uses the Daily Journal of Commerce, Pierce County uses the Tacoma Daily Index, and others vary. You will publish the notice for three consecutive weeks under RCW 11.40.020.
- List of known and reasonably ascertainable creditors. You must mail the notice to each one within the statutory window, and missing one shortens the bar from 4 months to 24 months.
- DSHS Office of Financial Recovery address. Required by RCW 11.40.020(1)(c) if the decedent received state medical assistance.
If any item is missing, stop and find it. Filing PRO 10.0850 without the cause number, for example, means the clerk cannot match it to the case, and the four-month creditor clock never starts.
Where to Get the Form and How to Access It
Download the official Word version of WPF PRO 10.0850 directly from the Washington Courts forms library. A PDF version sits on the same page. Always pull the form fresh for each case — the pattern committee updates probate forms roughly every 12 to 18 months, and using an outdated version is the single most common rejection reason in King and Snohomish counties.
Some counties post locally branded versions of the same form. King County’s Probate & Guardianship Resources page links to the statewide form rather than a local variant. Pierce County does the same through its Pierce County Superior Court Clerk. If a county hands you a local cover sheet, attach it to the front of the statewide PRO 10.0850 — do not retype the form into the local format.
If you do not have Microsoft Word, the Washington LawHelp probate self-help center hosts a fillable version through its partnership with the courts. Public libraries in Washington also offer free Word access. Avoid third-party “form mills” — they often sell stale versions for a fee.
A common misconception is that you must hire a probate attorney to obtain the form. You do not. The form is free, the instructions are public, and self-represented PRs file it every day. Hiring counsel is about strategy and risk, not access.
Step-by-Step: How to Fill Out WPF PRO 10.0850 Line by Line
The form has a caption block, a four-paragraph body, a signature block, and a Declaration of Mailing on the back. Work top to bottom. Use 12-point Times New Roman, black ink only, and never alter the pre-printed statutory language.
Caption Box: County and Superior Court Name
The top of the form asks you to name the Superior Court of Washington for [County]. Type the county where the will was admitted or where the intestate petition was filed.
Example: Maria Lopez, PR for her late mother in Seattle, types SUPERIOR COURT OF WASHINGTON FOR KING COUNTY.
If the decedent owned property in two counties, the case still has only one venue — the county where you petitioned. Do not list both. The most common mistake here is typing the county of death instead of the county of probate, which sends the clerk hunting for a case that does not exist in their system. A misconception filers carry is that the caption follows the decedent’s home address; in fact, RCW 11.96A.050 lets venue follow any county where the decedent had property.
Caption Box: Estate Of (Decedent’s Name)
This line names the estate. Type Estate of [Full Legal Name], Deceased. Use the name on the death certificate, not nicknames or married/maiden variations unless the will uses them.
Example: Estate of Eleanor Margaret Lopez, Deceased.
If the decedent used aliases (an “a/k/a”), list each one: Estate of Eleanor M. Lopez, a/k/a Ellie Lopez, Deceased. Missing aliases is the field-level error that causes the most title-company headaches later, because real-property records may be in a name that does not match the probate file. A misconception is that you should use the name on the will; the death certificate controls because that is the legal record of death.
Caption Box: Cause Number (No.)
Enter the cause number assigned when you filed the original probate petition. Format varies by county.
Example: Maria types 24-4-01234-5 SEA for King County.
If you do not yet have a cause number, you cannot file PRO 10.0850 — the clerk assigns the number when the petition is filed. The most common mistake is reusing a related civil cause number (a “3” series) instead of the probate “4” series, which routes the notice to the wrong department. A misconception filers hold is that the cause number is optional on the notice; it is mandatory under GR 14.1 caption rules.
Caption Box: Document Title
The pre-printed title reads Notice of Appointment of Personal Representative and Pendency of Probate (NTAP). Do not change it. Some counties want the abbreviation NTAP added in parentheses for docket coding.
Example: Maria leaves the title as printed and adds (NTAP) per King County local practice.
A nuance: if you are filing as a special administrator under RCW 11.32, add Special before Personal Representative in the title. The most common mistake is renaming the document to Notice to Creditors, which is a different filing under RCW 11.40.030. A misconception is that PRO 10.0850 is the Notice to Creditors; the creditor notice is a separate published notice, even though it shares the four-month clock.
Paragraph 1: Identity of the Personal Representative
Paragraph 1 reads: The personal representative named below has been appointed as personal representative of this estate. Below that line, type the PR’s full legal name exactly as it appears on the Order Appointing Personal Representative.
Example: Maria Elena Lopez — not Maria Lopez if the Order says Maria Elena Lopez.
If there are co-PRs, list both names separated by and: Maria Elena Lopez and Carlos Antonio Lopez. The most common mistake is using a nickname, which creates a mismatch with the Letters Testamentary and forces banks to reject the PR’s authority. A misconception is that you can sign with a married name if the Order uses a maiden name; you cannot — match the Order verbatim.
Paragraph 2: The Statutory Creditor Bar Language
Paragraph 2 contains the pre-printed statutory warning required by RCW 11.40.030. It tells creditors they must present claims within four months after the date of first publication or within four months after mailing, whichever is later, or be forever barred. Do not edit this paragraph. Every word is dictated by statute.
Example: Maria leaves paragraph 2 untouched and only fills the date-of-first-publication blank at the end of the paragraph after the newspaper publishes.
A nuance: if the decedent died more than 24 months before you opened probate, the four-month bar does not apply — the absolute 24-month bar already ran under RCW 11.40.051. The most common mistake is rewriting paragraph 2 in plain English; doing so voids the statutory protection. A misconception is that the four-month clock starts at appointment; it starts at first publication or mailing, whichever is later.
Paragraph 3: Date of First Publication
Paragraph 3 asks for the date of first publication of the Notice to Creditors in the county legal newspaper. Leave this blank until the newspaper publishes, then fill it in with the printed first-publication date.
Example: The Daily Journal of Commerce first publishes on June 3, 2026, so Maria types 06/03/2026.
If you mailed the notice to a known creditor before publication, the four-month clock for that creditor runs from the mail date, not the publication date. The most common mistake is guessing the date or using the date the affidavit was signed; use only the date printed in the first of the three published runs. A misconception is that the publication date and the filing date are the same; they almost never are, because publication usually happens 1–2 weeks after filing.
Paragraph 4: Address for Service of Claims
Paragraph 4 lists where creditors must mail or deliver claims. List the PR’s address, the attorney’s address, or both. Most attorneys list their office to centralize claims.
Example: Maria Elena Lopez, c/o Smith & Jones PLLC, 1200 Fifth Ave., Suite 1900, Seattle, WA 98101.
If you are pro se, you must list a real Washington address — not just a P.O. box, because RCW 11.40.020 requires a street address for service. The most common mistake is listing the decedent’s old address, which is now empty and where mail goes undelivered. A misconception is that an email address satisfies service; it does not, claims must be physically mailed or delivered.
Signature Block: Personal Representative Signature and Date
Sign in blue or black ink directly above the printed line that says Personal Representative. Type the name beneath the signature line. Add the date of signing to the right.
Example: Maria signs Maria Elena Lopez and types her name and 05/15/2026 below.
Co-PRs each sign on a separate signature line. The most common mistake is signing as Executor when the Order uses Personal Representative; Washington abolished the executor/administrator distinction in RCW 11.02.005, and the title must read Personal Representative. A misconception is that the signature must be notarized; it does not — only the Declaration of Mailing requires a sworn statement under penalty of perjury.
Attorney Signature Block (If Represented)
If an attorney represents the estate, the attorney signs below the PR with WSBA bar number, firm name, address, phone, and email. Self-represented PRs leave this block blank and write Pro Se on the firm line.
Example: Jane Smith, WSBA #45678, Smith & Jones PLLC, 1200 Fifth Ave., Suite 1900, Seattle, WA 98101, (206) 555-1212, jsmith@smithjones.com.
If multiple attorneys appear, list the lead attorney only; co-counsel files a separate Notice of Appearance. The most common mistake is omitting the WSBA number, which violates GR 14 signature rules and bounces the filing back. A misconception is that paralegals can sign here; only a licensed Washington attorney or an LLLT (where authorized) may sign the attorney block.
Declaration of Mailing (Back Side)
The back of PRO 10.0850 contains the Declaration of Mailing, sworn under penalty of perjury under RCW 9A.72.085. The declarant lists every person and entity who received the notice by mail, the address used, and the date of mailing.
Example: Maria lists DSHS Office of Financial Recovery, PO Box 9501, Olympia, WA 98507-9501 — mailed 05/16/2026 and adds each known creditor below.
Mail within 20 days of appointment to satisfy RCW 11.28.237 for heirs and beneficiaries, and to DSHS where applicable. The most common mistake is forgetting DSHS, which keeps the state’s Medicaid recovery claim alive indefinitely. A misconception is that certified mail is required; first-class mail with proof of mailing (a Certificate of Mailing from USPS) is enough.
Three Filled-Out Examples Using Real Scenarios
Three named filers — Maria, the Chen siblings, and Robert — show how the form looks in the most common Washington probate fact patterns.
Scenario 1: Maria Lopez, Solo PR With a Will and a House
Maria’s mother Eleanor died in Seattle with a will naming Maria as sole executor and a house in West Seattle as the main asset.
| Form Section | What Maria Enters |
|---|---|
| Superior Court for | King County |
| Estate Of | Estate of Eleanor Margaret Lopez, Deceased |
| Cause Number | 26-4-01234-5 SEA |
| Document Title | Notice of Appointment of Personal Representative and Pendency of Probate (NTAP) |
| Personal Representative Name | Maria Elena Lopez |
| Date of First Publication | 06/03/2026 (filled in after publication) |
| Address for Service of Claims | Maria Elena Lopez, c/o Smith & Jones PLLC, 1200 Fifth Ave., Ste. 1900, Seattle, WA 98101 |
| PR Signature & Date | Maria Elena Lopez — 05/15/2026 |
| Declaration of Mailing | DSHS, three named creditors, two heirs — all mailed 05/16/2026 |
Scenario 2: David and Linda Chen, Co-PRs of an Intestate Estate
David and Linda’s brother died in Tacoma without a will, leaving two minor nieces as heirs. The court appointed both siblings as co-PRs with bond.
| Form Section | What the Chens Enter |
|---|---|
| Superior Court for | Pierce County |
| Estate Of | Estate of Michael Wei Chen, Deceased |
| Cause Number | 26-4-00876-1 |
| Document Title | Notice of Appointment of Personal Representatives and Pendency of Probate |
| Personal Representative Name | David Wei Chen and Linda Mei Chen, Co-Personal Representatives |
| Date of First Publication | 06/10/2026 |
| Address for Service of Claims | David W. Chen, 4500 S. 19th St., Tacoma, WA 98405 |
| PR Signatures & Date | David W. Chen and Linda M. Chen — 05/22/2026 |
| Declaration of Mailing | DSHS, GAL for minor heirs, four creditors — mailed 05/23/2026 |
Scenario 3: Robert Patel, Out-of-State PR for a Small Washington Estate
Robert lives in Oregon and was appointed PR for his late uncle’s $85,000 estate in Spokane. Because he opened probate, PRO 10.0850 still applies.
| Form Section | What Robert Enters |
|---|---|
| Superior Court for | Spokane County |
| Estate Of | Estate of Anil Rao Patel, Deceased |
| Cause Number | 26-4-00321-32 |
| Document Title | Notice of Appointment of Personal Representative and Pendency of Probate |
| Personal Representative Name | Robert Anil Patel |
| Date of First Publication | 06/17/2026 |
| Address for Service of Claims | Robert A. Patel, c/o Spokane Probate Law PLLC, 421 W. Riverside Ave., Spokane, WA 99201 |
| Resident Agent (out-of-state PR) | Spokane Probate Law PLLC, 421 W. Riverside Ave., Spokane, WA 99201 (per RCW 11.36.010) |
| PR Signature & Date | Robert A. Patel — 05/29/2026 |
| Declaration of Mailing | DSHS, two heirs, one creditor — mailed 05/30/2026 |
Out-of-state PRs must also file a Designation of Resident Agent under RCW 11.36.010. It is not part of PRO 10.0850, but you must file it the same day or the appointment is void.
How to File the Completed Form
Washington offers four filing channels. Pick the channel your county supports, and keep proof of filing for the estate’s permanent records.
Online Through Odyssey eFile WA
Most counties — including King, Pierce, Snohomish, Spokane, Clark, and Thurston — accept electronic filing through Odyssey eFile WA. Upload the signed PRO 10.0850 as a single PDF, select document type Notice — Appointment of PR (NTAP), and pay any local convenience fee (usually $0 for filings in an existing case). Processing typically takes 1–2 business days, and the portal emails a stamped copy as proof of filing.
By Mail
Mail the original signed form to the Superior Court Clerk of the county where probate is open. King County’s clerk address is King County Superior Court Clerk, 516 Third Ave., Room E-609, Seattle, WA 98104. Include a self-addressed stamped envelope so the clerk can return a conformed copy. Allow 7–10 business days. The estate pays no separate fee for filing the notice itself — the fee was paid when the original probate petition was filed (currently $240 in most counties).
In Person
Walk the original to the clerk’s filing window during business hours, typically 9 a.m. to 4 p.m. Bring a second copy for the clerk to stamp and hand back as proof. Some counties accept cash or card for any small variance fee; most accept check or money order. Same-day stamping is the main advantage.
By Fax (Limited Counties Only)
A handful of small counties still accept fax filings under GR 17. Call the clerk first to confirm the fax number and the cover-sheet requirement. The faxed copy must be followed by the original within 14 days, or the filing is stricken.
Whichever channel you choose, keep the conformed (stamped) copy in the estate’s binder forever — title companies, banks, and the IRS will all ask to see it.
What Happens After You File
Filing is the beginning, not the end. Within 20 days of appointment, you must mail the notice to all heirs, beneficiaries, and DSHS under RCW 11.28.237. Within 30 days, you must publish the Notice to Creditors in the county legal newspaper for three consecutive weeks under RCW 11.40.020. The newspaper sends an Affidavit of Publication when the third run prints; file that affidavit with the court.
The four-month creditor bar starts running from the later of first publication or actual mailing to a known creditor. Any creditor who does not file a claim within four months is forever barred from chasing the estate, except for federal tax claims and certain liens. Track the bar date on a calendar — it controls when you can safely distribute assets.
A common misconception is that filing PRO 10.0850 closes probate. It does not. Probate closes only after you file a Declaration of Completion under RCW 11.68.110 (for nonintervention estates) or a Final Report and Petition for Distribution (for supervised estates). Most Washington probates take 6–12 months from appointment to closing.
Mistakes to Avoid When Filling Out the Form
Probate clerks see the same errors over and over. Each one delays the estate, restarts a clock, or exposes the PR to personal liability.
- Wrong county in the caption. The clerk cannot match the notice to a case, and the four-month clock never starts.
- Wrong cause number. Sends the notice to a civil or family-law file; your probate file shows no notice on record.
- Using a nickname instead of the legal name. Banks and title companies reject the PR’s authority.
- Missing aliases (a/k/a) for the decedent. Real-property title remains clouded after distribution.
- Editing paragraph 2’s statutory language. Voids the four-month creditor bar entirely.
- Filling in the publication date before publishing. Creates a false statutory date and exposes the PR to perjury risk.
- Listing only a P.O. box for service. Violates RCW 11.40.020 and shortens the bar to 24 months.
- Forgetting to mail to DSHS. Keeps the state’s Medicaid estate-recovery claim alive forever.
- Forgetting heirs in the Declaration of Mailing. Restarts the four-month clock for each missed heir.
- Signing as “Executor” instead of “Personal Representative.” Mismatches the Letters and the Order.
- Skipping the Affidavit of Publication. The court has no proof publication occurred, so the bar cannot be calculated.
- Out-of-state PR fails to file Designation of Resident Agent. The appointment itself is void under RCW 11.36.010.
Do’s and Don’ts
These quick rules save hours of clerk back-and-forth.
- Do match the decedent’s name to the death certificate exactly, because the certificate is the controlling legal record.
- Do mail to DSHS for any decedent who might have received Medicaid, because the state’s claim is unforgiving.
- Do use the current revision of the form, because pattern forms update every 12–18 months.
- Do keep the conformed stamped copy in a permanent estate binder, because banks and title companies will ask years later.
- Do calendar the four-month creditor bar from first publication, because that single date controls when distribution is safe.
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Do file the Affidavit of Publication promptly, because it locks in the bar date.
-
Don’t edit the pre-printed statutory paragraphs, because doing so voids creditor protection.
- Don’t guess the publication date, because perjury liability attaches to the Declaration of Mailing.
- Don’t rely on email service to creditors, because RCW 11.40 requires physical mailing.
- Don’t sign as “Executor,” because Washington uses only “Personal Representative.”
- Don’t combine PRO 10.0850 with the Notice to Creditors; they are separate filings under separate statutes.
- Don’t distribute estate assets before the four-month bar runs, because creditor claims can claw back distributions.
Pros and Cons of Filing on Your Own vs. With Help
Self-representation saves money, but probate carries personal liability. Weigh both sides before deciding.
Pros of filing pro se:
- Saves $2,000–$6,000 in attorney fees, which is meaningful in small estates.
- Speeds simple cases, because you do not wait for an attorney’s calendar.
- Builds personal understanding of estate timelines and statutes.
- Works well for nonintervention estates with no real property and no creditor disputes.
- Keeps decision-making fully in the family’s hands.
Cons of filing pro se:
- Personal liability under RCW 11.48.010 for errors, missed deadlines, or wrong distributions.
- Title companies often refuse to insure transfers from pro se PRs without attorney involvement.
- DSHS recovery claims become harder to negotiate without counsel.
- Creditor disputes escalate quickly to litigation, where pro se PRs lose ground.
- Out-of-state PRs almost always need local counsel to act as resident agent.
A useful comparison of the two main filing channels:
| Filing Channel | Best For |
|---|---|
| Odyssey eFile WA | Counties that mandate eFiling under GR 30, attorneys, fast turnaround |
| Paper filing at the clerk’s window | Small counties, pro se PRs without portal accounts, same-day stamped copies |
FAQs
Is WPF PRO 10.0850 the same as the Notice to Creditors?
No. PRO 10.0850 announces the PR’s appointment under RCW 11.28.237. The Notice to Creditors is a separate published notice under RCW 11.40.030, even though both share the same four-month clock.
Do I need to file PRO 10.0850 if the estate is under $100,000?
No — only if you opened formal probate. If you used the Small Estate Affidavit under RCW 11.62, no probate exists, so no notice is needed.
Can co-PRs file one notice together?
Yes. Both names go in paragraph 1, both sign the signature block, and both swear the Declaration of Mailing on the back.
Do I write my full legal name or my nickname in the PR name field?
Yes — your full legal name as it appears on the Order Appointing Personal Representative and the Letters Testamentary. Nicknames mismatch the Letters and break bank authority.
What goes in the cause number box if I don’t have one yet?
No valid filing exists without a cause number. The clerk assigns the cause number when the original probate petition is filed. File the petition first.
Can I leave the date of first publication blank?
Yes — leave it blank until the legal newspaper actually publishes, then fill it with the printed first-publication date.
Is certified mail required for the Declaration of Mailing?
No. First-class mail with a USPS Certificate of Mailing is enough under RCW 11.40.020. Certified mail is optional and creates extra cost.
Do I have to mail PRO 10.0850 to DSHS?
Yes, for any decedent who may have received state medical assistance. Mail to DSHS Office of Financial Recovery, PO Box 9501, Olympia, WA 98507-9501.
What happens if I miss the 30-day publication deadline?
No four-month bar protects the estate. Creditors retain claims for up to 24 months after death under RCW 11.40.051.
Can an out-of-state PR file PRO 10.0850?
Yes, but the out-of-state PR must also file a Designation of Resident Agent under RCW 11.36.010 the same day, or the appointment is void.
Does signing PRO 10.0850 require a notary?
No. The PR signature is not notarized. Only the Declaration of Mailing on the back is sworn under penalty of perjury under RCW 9A.72.085.
Do I file PRO 10.0850 before or after I receive Letters Testamentary?
Yes, after. The Letters and Order issue the same day; the PR then signs PRO 10.0850 and files it within days, with mailing complete inside 20 days.
Can I use last year’s form revision?
No. Always use the current revision from the Washington Courts forms library, because pattern committees update statutory language and clerks reject stale versions.
What’s the difference between a Personal Representative and an Executor in Washington?
No difference today. RCW 11.02.005 abolished the distinction. Washington uses Personal Representative for both will-named executors and court-appointed administrators.
Related reading
- How to Fill Out Illinois Inventory of Estate (w/Examples) + FAQs
- How to Fill Out Washington Form PRO 07 (w/Examples) + FAQs
- How to Fill Out Washington Form PRO 13 (w/Examples) + FAQs
- How to Fill Out Washington Form Small Estate Affidavit + FAQs
- How to Fill Out the District of Columbia Final Account + FAQs
- How to Fill Out the District of Columbia Petition for Probate of Will + FAQs
- How to Fill Out Rhode Island Notice to Creditors (w/Examples) + FAQs